مسئولیت بین‌المللی ایکائو در اجرای سامانه‌های ماهواره‌ای هدایت هواپیما

نویسنده

چکیده

پیشرفت فناوری‌های جدید و روند روبه‌رشد آن در سال‌های پایانی قرن بیستم، زمینه‌ساز طرح موضوع استفاده از ماهواره‌ها در هدایت هواپیماها گردید. علی‌رغم اینکه ابعاد فنی پروژه مذکور تاکنون پیشرفت قابل ‌توجهی داشته است، مسائل حقوقی و سیاسی آن همچنان در مرحله بررسی کشورها و نهادهای بین‌المللی مرتبط با صنعت هوانوردی  قرار داشته و تاکنون منجر به تصمیم‌گیری نهایی نشده است. از آنجا که ایکائو از سازمان‌های مهم بین‌المللی فعال در صنعت هواپیمایی می‌باشد، این سؤال مطرح می‌شود که سازمان مذکور در اجرایی‌ساختن سامانه‌های ماهواره‌ای هدایت هواپیما و رفع ابهامات موجود در این حوزه، چه نقشی می‌تواند ایفا کند. بررسی اسناد و کنوانسیون‌های بین‌المللی در حقوق هوافضا، این فرضیه را به دست می‌دهد که ایکائو می‌تواند در ابعاد مختلفی از جمله تصویب و اصلاح استانداردها و رویه‌های پیشنهادی، تشریک مساعی و همکاری‌های فنی، تلاش به‌منظور دستیابی به یک سامانه جدید، ایجاد یک چهارچوب حقوقی مناسب و نیز صدور تأییدیه و اعطای مجوز به ارائه‌دهندگان خدمات ناوبری ماهواره‌ای نقش مؤثری داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


A/CONF.101/BP/IGO/1 (1981), ICAO UNISPACE II Report on the Civil Aviation interest in the Use of Outer Space, Background paper.
Altink-Pouw M. C. (1993), Perceived obstacles to GNSS institutional arrangements can be overcome in near future, ICAO Journal, Vol. 48, No. 10.
Assembly resolutions A32-19 (1998), Charter on the Rights and Obligations of States Relating to GNSS Services.
Assembly resolutions A32-20 (1998), Development and elaboration of an appropriate long-term legal framework to govern the implementation of GNSS.
Bollweg, Hans-Georg (2008), Initial Considerations regarding the Feasibility of an International UNIDROIT Instrument to Cover Liability for Damage Caused by Malfunctions in Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Uniform Law Review.
Carbone, Sergio M. and Maria Elena De Maestri (2009), The Rationale for an International Convention on Third Party Liability for Satellite Navigation Signals, Uniform Law Review.
Chicago Convention (1944), Convention on international civil aviation, 7 December 1944, 15 U.N.T.S. 295, ICAO Doc. 7300/8.
Dimitri: Nicolaïdès (1997), GNSS; Legal and Institutional Issues, Institute of Air and Space Law, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGill University.
Doc. No. 9790 (2008) Increasing the effectiveness of ICAO, Assembly Resolutions in Force, Published by authority of the Secretary General, International Civil Aviation Organization, Available: [on line], http://www.icao.int/icaonet/dcs/9790/9790_en.pdf
Doc. No. RTCA/TF, RTCA Inc. (1992), Global Navigation Satellite System, Final Report.
G. von der Dunk, Frans (2004), Liability for Global Navigation Satellite Services: A Comparative Analysis of GPS and Galileo, Journal of Space Law, vol. 30.
G. von der Dunk, Frans (2015 A), Legal Aspects of Navigation: The Cases for Privacy and Liability: An Introduction for Non-lawyers, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Space and Telecommunications Law Program Faculty Publications.
G. von der Dunk, Frans (2015 B), Legal Aspects of Satellite Communications- A Mini Handbook, Journal of Telecommunication and Broadcasting Law, vol. 4.
G. von der Dunk, Frans (2017), Space Law and GNSS-A Look at the Legal Frameworks for Outer Space, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Space, Cyber and Telecommunications Law Program Faculty Publications.
Harksen, S. (1995), Is the World Ready for the Future Air Navigation System (FANS)?, The Journal of ATC Systems, May/June 1995.
Huang, Jeifang (1996), Sharing Benefits of the Global Navigation Satellite System within the Framework of ICAO, IISL Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 39th.
ICAO Doc. 9630-LC189, Report of the 28th session of the ICAO Legal Committee.
ICAO Doc. A33-WP/34, Progress Report on the Establishment of a Legal Framework with Regard to CNS/ATM systems including GNSS.
ICAO Doc. A35-WP/125 LE/11, A Practical Way Forward on Legal and Institutional Aspects of Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/ Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) Systems.
ICAO Doc. LC/35-WP/7-8 (2013), Report of the 35th session of the ICAO Legal Committee.
ICAO Doc. LC/36-WP/3-1 (2015), Report of the 36th session of the ICAO Legal Committee.
ICAO policy on GNSS (2008), United Nations Coordination of Outer Space Activities, Available: [on line], http://www.uncosa.unvienna.org/uncosa/en/directory/icao/index.html
Jakhu, R. S. (1981), Developing Countries and the Fundamental Principles of International Space Law, Project on Space Activities and Emerging International Law, No. 13.
Kantasuk, Battama (1997), General legal issues concerning GNSS, Institute of Air and Space Law, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGill University.
Milde, M. (1997), Institutional and Legal Problems of Global Navigation Satellite Systems; Solutions in Search of a Problem, unpublished and informal notes for oral presentation Conference on Air and space Law of Buenos Aires.
Mohamed Mustaque, Ayumantagath (2010), Legal Aspects of Air Traffic Management Based on Satellite Navigation, Air Traffic Control, Max Mulder.
Moxon J. and Lopez R. (1994), ICAO seeks firm GPS Guarantees, The Journal of Flight International, 2-8 March 1994.
Panel of LTEP (2011), Legal and Technical Experts on the Establishment of a Legal Framework with Regard to GNSS, Available: [on line], http://www.icao.int/icao/en/assembl/a35/wp/wp292_en.pdf
Roberts J. and Showen C. (1995), Joint Development of a next Generation GPS Landing System, ATC System, July/August 1995, Vol. 1, N0. 3.
U.S GPS Policy (1996), PDD NSTC-6 U.S. Global Positioning System Policy with Statement of Vice President on March 29, 1996, Available: [on line], http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/index.html
UNIDROIT Secretariat (2010), An instrument on third party liability for damages caused by Global Navigation Satellite System services, Preliminary Study.
Warinsko N. (1995), Du GPS au GNSS: le point sur la situation intetnationale, Le Transpondeur, No. 13.
Welde D. J. (1996), Wide-Area and Local-Area GPS lead way to era of satellite-based navigation, ATC Systems, Vol. 2, January/February 1996.