حق دادخواهی و مصونیت قضایی دولت ها: رأی دیوان بین المللی دادگستری در اختلاف آلمان و ایتالیا

نویسنده

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

تعارض حقوق دولت­ها به عنوان تابعان اصیل حقوق بین الملل از یک طرف و حقوق افراد به عنوان تابعان عاریتی این نظام از طرف دیگر یکی از موضوعات قرن 21می­باشد.طی سالیان اخیر با اتخاذ نوعی رویکرد انسانی، استدلال شده است که وفق حقوق بین الملل عام معاصر، چنانچه دعوای مطرح شده نزد یک دادگاه ملی با یک جرم استثنایی و شدید مرتبط باشد، دولت و مقام دولتی خارجی نمی تواند به مصونیت خود استناد ورزد. این استدلال با موافقان و مخالفانی در سطوح ملی و بین المللی رو به رو بوده است.
اختلاف آلمان و ایتالیا راجع به دعاوی شهروندان ایتالیایی به دلیل جنایات آلمان طی جنگ جهانی دوم، زمینه­ی قضایی در خصوص این موضوع را فراهم ساخت. در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا ضمن دسته بندی ابعاد مختلف حقوقی موضوع، رأی دیوان مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گیرد. ارزیابی رأی دیوان نشانگر آن است که دیوان بین المللی دادگستری به عنوان عالی ترین مرجع قضایی جهان، از میان «منطق حقوقی» و «رویه­ی حقوقی» جانب مورد دوم را گرفته و با رد
«آموزه­های حقوقی» ناظر بر اصل مصونیت دولت­ها در پرونده­های مرتبط با حقوق بشر و حقوق بشردوستانه با بهره گیری از «عملکرد دولتی» تأکید ورزیده است. رأی دیوان جدای از درستی و نادرستی اخلاقی، منبع ارزشمندی برای نظم حقوقی بین المللی و ثبات در روابط بین الدولی به شمار می آید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


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