عدم استیفای عدد در شهادت بر جرایم جنسی ‌«نقدی بر قسمت اخیر ماده 200 ق.م.ا مصوب 1392»‌

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه بزرگمهر قائنات

2 دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان

چکیده

علیرغم اینکه شهادت در فقه مصداق بارز بینه شرعیه و در حقوق موضوعه از ادله اثبات دعوی قلمداد شده ‏است؛ لکن شارع حکیم بنابر ملاحظاتی از قبیل احتیاط در أعراض و فروج، در اثبات برخی از جرایم ‏جنسی، نصاب خاصی از شهود را لازم دانسته است(چهار شاهد مرد). مدلول این شرط جز این نیست که ‏در فرض عدم استیفای عدد، جرمی اثبات نشده و در نتیجه حدی نیز جاری نخواهد شد. لکن مسئله‌ای که ‏سامان دادن جستار حاضر را سبب شده، این است که در فرض عدم ثبوت حد به جهت عدم احراز نصاب، ‏تکلیف گواهان چه خواهد شد؟ ق.م.ا در پاسخ به این پرسش از رأی مشهور فقیهان امامی تبعیت کرده و در ‏ماده 200 چنین مقرر داشته است: «در صورتی که شهود به عدد لازم نرسند شهادت درخصوص زنا یا لواط، ‏قذف محسوب می‌شود و موجب حد است». در مقابل پژوهش فرارو پس از احصای ادله مشهور، به این نتیجه دست یازیده است که صدق عنوان «قذف» بر عمل شاهدی که از باب انقیاد امر الهی ‏مبادرت به ادای شهادت می‌نماید، ممتنع است؛ افزون برآنکه تحمیل چنین کیفری با «مُحسن» بودن گواهان ‏ناسازگار است.

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