جانشینی کشورها در زمینه «حق جبران خسارت» در رویه دیوان بین المللی دادگستری

نویسندگان

دانشگاه قم

چکیده

انتقال حق جبران خسارت به مثابه یکی از پیامدهای جانشینی کشورها، هَمارِه معرکه تضارب نظر بوده است. در این میان، دیوان بین­المللی دادگستری، آرائی صادر کرده است که به اقتضای رسیدگی خود، متضمن این موضوع نیز است که تدقیق در آن­ها را بایسته می­دارد. نوشتار پیش­رو از رهگذر واکاوی آراء دیوان بین­المللی دادگستری تبیین کرده که رکن قضایی سازمان ملل متحد، طی چهار قضیه مربوط به وضعیت­های اسلواکی، نائورو، نامیبیا (آفریقای جنوب غربی) و تی­مور شرقی فرصت داشته است تا به موضوع یادشده نظر بیافکند که در این راه، رویکردی محتاطانه اتخاذ کرده است تا در مسیر توسعه تدریجی، پا را از آن حد که باید، فراتر نَنهَد. جستار حاضر ثابت کرده است که رویه محکمه نام برده، به رغم محافظه­کاری که داشته است، به هیچ وجه، مؤید عدم انتقال حق جبران خسارت از کشور پیشین به کشور جانشین دانسته نمی­شود. تحلیل این رویه دیوان، موضوع نوشتار پیش روست.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Books
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12. Arthur, Catherine (2018). Political Symbols and National Identity in Timor-Leste, Springer.
13. Craven, Mathew (2010). The Decolonization of International Law: State Succession and the Law of Treaties, Oxford University Press.
14. Dumberry, Patrick (2007), State Succession to International Responsibility, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
15. Malanczuk, Peter and Akehurst, Michael Barton (1997). Akehrst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, Psychology Press.
16. Menon, Parvathy (1991). The Succession of States in respect to Treaties, State Property, Archives and Debts, Mellen Press.
17. O’Connell, Daniel Patrick (1967). State Succession in Municipal Law and International Law, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press.

Articles
18. Lefeber, René (1998), “Case Analysis: The Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Project and the Law of State Responsibility”, Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 11.
19. Ong, David (2000). “The Legal Status of the 1989 Australia-Indonesia Timor Gap Treaty following the End of Indonesian Rule in East Timor”, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, vol. 31.
20. Pilgrim, Caleb M. (1990), “Some Legal Aspects of Trade in Natural Resources of Namibia”, British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 61.
21. Šturma, Pavel (2016), “State Succession in Respect of International Responsibility”, George Washington International Law Review, vol. 48.

Case Law
22. District Court in the Hague in the United Nations (1988). The URENCO Case, UN Council for Namibia v. URENCO UCN and the Netherlands, Namibia Bulletin, Special Issue, vol. II, No. 7.
23. ICJ (1962). Preliminary Objections, Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), South West Africa Case, Judgment.
24. ICJ (1971). Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwihstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion.
25. ICJ (1989). Application Instituting Proceedings, Nauru, Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru.
26. ICJ (1990). Memorial of the Republic of Nauru, vol. I, Sixth Submission, Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru.
27. ICJ (1990). Memorial of the Republic of Nauru, vol. I, Third Submission, Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, Preliminary Objections.
28. ICJ (1990). Preliminary Objections of the Government of Australia, Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru.
29. ICJ (1991). Application Instituting Proceedings, in Case concerning East Timor, Portugal.
30. ICJ (1992). Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, Nauru v. Australia, Judgment.
31. ICJ (1992). National Council of the Czech Republic, Proclamation of the National Council of the Czech Republic and Nations of the World.
32. ICJ (1992). National Council of the Slovak Republic, Proclamation of the National Council of the Slovak Republic to Parliaments and Peoples of the World.
33. ICJ (1993). Counter Memorial of the Government of Australia, Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru.
34. ICJ (1994). Counter-Memorial of the Slovak Republic, Case concerning Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project, vol. I.
35. ICJ (1995). Case concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment.
36. ICJ (1997). Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project, Hungary/Slovakia, Judgment.
37. ICJ (2003) Press Release, 2003/42, The General Assembly of the United Nations Requests an Advisory Opinion from the Court on the Legal Consequences Arising from the Construction by Israel of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
38. ICJ (2004). Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion.

Documents
39. Act no. 4/1993 Coll. (1993). Constitutional Act of the Czech National Council, Measures related to the Dissolution (Extinction) of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic.
40. ICJ (1945). Statute of the Internattional Court of Justice.
41. ILC (2016). A/71/10, Report of the Sixty-eight Session.
42. ILC (2017). A/72/10, Ch. IX, First Report on Succession of States in Respect of State Responsibility, by Pavel Šturma, Special Reporter.
43. ILC (2018). A/73/10, Ch. X,Second Report on Succession of States in respect of State Responsibility, by Pavel Šturma, Special Reporter.
44. Treaty between the Australia and the Republlic of Indonesia on the Zone of Co-operation in Area between the Indonesian Province of East Timor and Northern Australia (1989). 11 december.
45. UN (1945). The Charter.
46. UNESCO (1990). E/CN.4/1990/7, Situation in Namibia.
47. UNGA (1960). A/RES/15/1514 (XV), 15th Session, Agenda item No. 87, Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.
48. UNGA (1960). A/RES/1541 (XV), Defining the Three Options for Self-Determination.
49. UNGA (1967). A/RES/2145 (XXI), 21st Session, Plenary, Agenda item no. 65, Petition concerning South West Africa.
50. UNGA (1967). A/RES/2248 (S-V), 5th Special Session, Plenary, Agenda item no. 7, Question of South West Africa.
51. UNGA (1974). Decree on the Natural Resources of Namibia, Add. to the Report of the U.N. Council for Namibia, vol. 29, Supplement no. 24A, A/9624/add. 1.
52. UNGA (1981). A/RES/36/121, 36th Session, Plenary, Agenda item no. 36, Question of Namibia.
53. UNGA (1983). A/RES/38/36, 37th Session, Plenary, Agenda item no. 36, Question of Namibia.
54. UNGA (1985). A/RES/40/52, 40th Session, C.4, Agenda item no. 110, Activities of Foreign Economic and other Interests Which are Impeding the Implementaion of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in Namibia and in all other Territories under Colonial Domination and Efforts to Eliminate Colonialism, Apartheid and Racial Discrimination in Southern Africa.
55. UNGA (1990). A/RES44/243, Question of Namibia.
56. UNGA (2003). A/RES/ES-10/14, Illegal Israeli Actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the Rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
57. UNSC (1969). S/RES/264, The Situation in Namibia.
58. UNSC (1970). S/RES/276, The Situation in Namibia.
59. UNSC (1970). S/RES/283, Namibia.
60. UNSC (1971). S/RES/301, Namibia.