بهره برداری تجاری از شهرت ورزشکاران در نظام های حقوقی آمریکا، انگلستان و ایران

نویسنده

دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

ورزشکاران از جمله گروه‌های مرجع جامعه شمرده می‌شوند که با توجه به طرفدارانشان الگوهای رفتاری آن‌ها تأثیری فراوانی بر رفتار دیگر اعضای جامعه دارد. همین دامنۀ اثرگذاری شرکت‌های تجاری را ترغیب می‌کند تا از وجود آن‌ها در آگهی‌های تجاری استفاده کنند. مسلماً، این اتفاق در صورتی که با اخذ رضایت قبلی ورزشکار باشد، مشکلی ایجاد نخواهد کرد، اما مسئلۀ اصلی جایی است که شرکت تجاری، بدون اخذ رضایت قبلی، از نشانه‌های هویتی ورزشکاران در آگهی خویش استفاده می‌کند. برای یافتن پاسخ این مسئله، موضوع در دو نظام حقوقی آمریکا و انگلستان بررسی شد. در نظام حقوقی انگلستان، با دغدغۀ احتمال نقض آزادی بیان و البته با کم‌ارزش‌شمردن سهم تلاش ورزشکاران در به‌دست‌آوردن شهرت، نهاد ویژه‌ای برای حمایت از ورزشکاران شناسایی نشده بود، اما اخیراً، رویۀ قضایی تلاش کرده است تا با تفسیر به‌روزآمد نهاد «پسینگ‌اف» از این گروه در برابر استفادۀ تجاری از شهرتشان حمایت کند، اما در نظام حقوقی آمریکا حمایت از ورزشکار سابقۀ بیشتری در رویۀ قضایی دارد. در این نظام حقوقی، با توسل به نهادی به نام «حق جلوت» و با اتکا به مبنای دارا‌شدن بلاجهت، تلاش می‌شود تا از حقوق ورزشکار حمایت شود. بدین ترتیب، شخصی که از نشانۀ هویتی ورزشکار به قصد سود‌بردن استفاده کرده است، باید به اندازۀ سودی که تحصیل کرده، به ورزشکار غرامت پرداخت کند. در ایران، ضعف نظام حقوقی در پرداختن به مسئلۀ یاد‌شده روشن است. با این حال، به نظر می‌رسد با استفاده از قانون مسئولیت مدنی و قانون انتشار و دسترسی آزاد به اطلاعات و نهاد دارا‌شدن بلاجهت، می‌توان در جهت حمایت از حقوق ورزشکاران قدم برداشت.

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