فراتر از حقوق بین الملل: توسل خودسرانه به زور در سوریه

نویسنده

معاونت پژوهشی

چکیده

ایالات متحده آمریکا، انگلیس و فرانسه در تاریخ 14 آوریل 2018 حملاتی موشکی به اهداف مشخصی در جمهوری عربی سوریه از جمله استان­های دمشق و حمص به عمل آوردند. حسب ادعای ائتلاف سه دولت، این اقدام در پی استفاده دولت سوریه از سلاح­های شیمیایی و صرفاً علیه تأسیسات سلاح­های شیمیایی این دولت هدف­گیری شده است. آن­چه در روزهای پس از اقدام، در میان اندیشمندان حقوق بین­الملل و سیاستمداران در کانون توجه قرار داشته، قانونی بودن و مشروعیت این اقدام بوده است. امانوئل مکرون آن را مشروع و قانونی می­نامد، ترزا می آن را مشروع و اخلاقی می­خواند و دونالد ترامپ آن را ضروری، به­موقع و انسانی می­شمارد. در میان دولت­ها نیز تعداد اندکی اقدام را محکوم نمودند، تعدادی از آن حمایت به­عمل آوردند و اکثریت نیز سکوت اختیار کردند. حقوقدانان نیز نظرات مختلفی ابراز داشتند: برخی این اقدام را تجاوز آشکار سه عضو دائم شورای امنیت نه تنها به سوریه بلکه به نظام حقوق بین­الملل پنداشتند؛ برخی هم در مقام توجیه حقوقی اقدام برآمده و در راستای مشروعیت آن استدلال نموده­اند. مقاله پیش­رو بر آن است تا این اقدام را از منظر حقوق بین­الملل عمومی واکاوی نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


19. Abratt, Daniela (2017), “US. Intervention in Syria: A Legal Responsibility to Protect”, Vol. 95(1) Denver Law Review, Pp. 21-71.
20. Ardalan, Assad & Samaneh TehraniSafa (2014), “The Concept and Status of Countermeasures and Limitations of Resorting to International Law”, Vol. 22(1) Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, Pp. 85-91.
21. Blum, Gabriella (2013), “The Crime and Punishment of States”, Vol. 38(1) Yale Journal of International Law, Pp. 57-122.
22. Clark Arend, Anthony, “International Law and the Preemptive Use of Military Force”, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2003, pp. 89-103.
23. Damluji, Nadim (2016), “Legal Analysis: Daesh Control of Watercourses in Syria and Iraq”, Vol. 25(2) Washington International Law Journal, Pp. 331-363.
24. Davila-Ruhaak, Sarah (2016), “Beyond the Destruction of Syria: Considering a Future in Syria and the Protection of the Right to Culture”, Vol. 15(2) The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, Pp. 522-542.
25. Engle, Eric (2012), “Humanitarian Intervention and Syria”, Vol. 18(1) Barry Law Review, Pp. 129-165.
26. Ford, Christopher M. (2016), “Syria: Can International Law Cope? Workshop Report”, Vol. 92(2) International Law Studies (U.S. Naval War College), Pp. 340-352.
27. Ford, Christopher M. (2017), “Syria: A Case Study in International Law”, Vol. 85(1) University of Cincinnati Law review, Pp. 185-229.
28. Gill, Terry D. (2016), “Classifying the Conflict in Syria”, Vol. 92(2) International Law Studies (U.S. Naval War College), Pp. 353-380.

29. Graefrath, Bernhard (1998), “International Crimes and Collective Security”, In: Karel Wellens, International Law; Theory and Practice, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Pp. 237-252.
30. Hurrell, Andrew (2005), “Legitimacy and the Use of Force: Can the Circle be Squared?”, In: David Amstrong, Force and Legitimacy in World Politics, Theo Farrell and Bice Maiguashca, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 6-39.
31. ICJ Reports (1949), Case Concerning “Corfou Chanel” (United Kingdom V. Albania).
32. ICJ Reports (1986), Case Concerning “Military and Para Military Activities in and against Nicaragua” (Nicaragua V. United States of America).
33. ICJ Reports (2003), Case Concerning “Oil Platforms” (Merits) (Islamic Republic of Iran V. United State of America).
34. Jones, Annika (2013), “Seeking International Criminal Justice in Syria”, Vol. 89(3) International Law Studies (U.S. Naval War College), Pp. 802-816.
35. Kozhanov, Nikolay (2017), “Main Drivers of Russian Military Deployment in Syria” Vol. 13(1) International Studies Journal, Pp. 21-38.
36. Mathias, Steven (2012), “The United Nations and Syria: A Work in Progress”, Vol. 106(2) American Society of International Law Proceedings, Pp. 220-223.
37. May, Theresa (2018), “Speech on Military Strikes against Syria”, 14 April, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/14/theresa-may-speech-military-strikes-syria-full-text.
38. Macron, Emmanuel (2018), “Speech on Syria Air Strikes”, 14 April, Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/syria-air-strikes-latest-emmanuel-macron-donald-trump-theresa-may-assad-douma-chemical-weapons-a83043...
39. Monshipouri, Mahmood & Chirs Bulut (2016), “The Syria Civil War: Managing Inevitable Trade-offs”, Vol. 13(2) International Studies Journal, Pp. 59-78.
40. Note by the Secretary-General, 16 Sep. 2013, U.N. Doc. A/67/997-S/2013/553.
41. Power, Susan (2016), “Siege Warfare in Syria: Prosecuting the Starvation of Civilians”, Vol. 8 (2) Amsterdam Law Forum (University of Amsterdam), Pp. 1-22.
42. Rapp, Stephen J.(2015), “Overcoming the Challenges to Achieving Justice for Syria”, Vol. 30(1) Emory International Law Review, Pp. 155-167.
43. Reuters (2015), “Assad Seeks Agreement over U.S. Air Strikes in Syria”, January 26.
44. Schaack, Beth Van (2016), “Mapping War Crimes in Syria”, Vol. 92(1) International Law Studies (U.S. Naval War College), Pp. 282-339.
45. Sterio, Milena (2014), “Humanitarian Intervention Post Syria: Legitimate and Legal”, Vol. 40(1) Brook Journal of International Law, Pp. 109-170.
46. U.K. Government Legal Position, 14 April 2018, Available at: http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/syria-action-uk-government-legal-position/syria-action-uk-government-legal-position.
47. U.N. General Assembly (1974), Resolution No. 3314 (XXIX) concerning “Definition of Aggression”, 2319th Plenary Meeting (Twenty Ninth Session), 14 December.
48. U.N. General Assembly (2005), Resolution No. 60/1 concerning “World Summit Outcome”, 8th Plenary Meeting (Sixtieth Session), 24 October.
49. U.N. General Assembly (2012), Resolution No. 66/253 concerning “The situation in the Syrian Arab Republic”, 97th Plenary Meeting (Sixty Sixth Session), 16 February.
50. U.N. Secretary General Report (2005), “In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All” Fifty-Ninth Session (A/59/2005), 21 March.
51. U.N. Security Council Resolution 688 (1991), Adopted by the Security Council at its 2982th meeting (S/RES/688), 5 April.
52. U.N. Security Council Resolution 2118 (2013), Adopted by the Security Council at its 7038th meeting (S/RES/2118), 27 September.
53. U.N. Security Council Resolution 2199 (2015), Adopted by the Security Council at its 7379th meeting (S/RES/2199), 12 February.
54. U.N. Security Council Resolution 2249 (2015), Adopted by the Security Council at its 7565th meeting (S/RES/2249), 20 November.
55. U.S. Department of State (2018), “Statement by Heather Nauert (Spokesperson) on the Chemical Attack in Douma”, Washington DC., 7 April.