Bioterrorism, as one of the most complex and dangerous threats to national security, public order, and global health, necessitates an effective and multi-layered criminal policy. This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and document-based research to examine the obstacles and strategies of Iran's criminal policy in combating bioterrorism within the framework of international documents and treaties. Findings indicate that despite some existing legal and institutional infrastructures in Iran, challenges such as lack of coherence among relevant institutions, weaknesses in effective law enforcement, limitations in international interactions, and the absence of systematic preventive policies have hindered the development of an effective criminal policy in this area. Comparative analysis demonstrates that enhancing evidence-based decision-making, establishing preventive monitoring systems, implementing precise and proportionate criminalization, expanding transnational judicial and security cooperation, and institutionalizing cross-sectoral collaboration can serve as foundational measures for advancing biosecurity.

Aiming to address existing gaps, this study proposes a policy framework for restructuring Iran's criminal policy, founded upon three pillars: strengthening evidence-based decision-making, institutionalizing inter-agency collaboration, and strategically leveraging international legal capacities.