The Quarterly Journal of Judicial Law Views

The Quarterly Journal of Judicial Law Views

Sukuk, a kind of hybrid Securities

Authors
Shahid Beheshti University
Abstract
Islamic securities (‘sukuk’) are securities which have the features of stocks and bonds toghater. Similar to stocks, these securities indicate a type of partnership. However, these securities usually bear a maturity date like bonds and contrary to stocks. This has resulted in sukuk (Islamic securities) to be considered as a type of hybrid securities. Hybrid security is a term used to describe a security that combines elements of debt and equity securities or bonds and shares. Preferred shares, convertible bonds and subordinated bonds are common kinds of hybrid securities. The idea to create these securities is to design a type of security that can be considered share for some purposes and be considered bond for others through which we can gather best of the two different kinds of securities in one security. In this paper we have introduced hybrid securities, have explained sukuk’s similarities with stocks and bonds and finally have introduced sukuk as a kind of hybrid securities that also can broadly be used in the non-Islamic markets.
Keywords

 Adam, Nathif J and Abdulghader Thomas (2004), “Islamic Bonds: your guide to issuing, structuring and investing in sukuk”. London: Euromoney Books.
 Barzel, Yoram. (1997). “Economic analysis of property rights”, Second edition, Cambridge cb21rp. United Kingdom: Cambridge University press.
 Gullifer, Luise and Payne Jennifer (2015), “corporate finance law: principles and policy”, Hart Publishing.
 Hakim. S. (2007). “Islamic money market instruments”, in M. Hasan & M. Lewis, (eds), Hand-book of Islamic Banking, Uunited Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing.
 Khan, M. Mansoor& Bhatti, M. Ishaq (2008), Developments in Islamic Banking; the case of Pakistan, Palgrave Macmillan.
 Krahmal, Andriy (2005). “International Hybrid Instruments: Jurisdiction Dependent Characterization”, 5 Hous. Bus. & Tax L.J., USA: University of Washington Law Library.
 Liberadzki, Kamil, Liberadzki, Marcin. (2016).” Hybrid Securities, Structuring, Pricing and Risk Assessment”, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland: Palgrave Macmillan publisher.
 Salah, O. (2014), “sukuk structures: Legal engineering under Dutch law, the hague, eleven international publishing.
 Spiegeleer, Jan. De, Schoutens, Wim, Van Hulle, Cynthia. (2014).”The Handbook of Hybrid Securities, Convertible Bonds, CoCo Bonds, and Bail-In”, United Kingdom: The Wiley finance series.
 Spiegeler, Jan. De, and WimSchoutens (2011), “The Handbook of Convertible Bonds”, UK: Wiley Finance.
 Tashman, Heather (2006), “NAIC's Classification of Hybrid Securities: Debt or Equity”, 2 J. Payment Sys. L., USA: University of Washington Law Library.
 Visser, H. (2009), “Islamic Finance: Principles and Practice”, Gloucester, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing.
 Afshar, Tahmoures. A. (2013), “USA compare and contrast sukuk (Islamicbonds) with conventional bonds, are they compatible?”, School of business, Woodbury University, the journal of global business management, volume 9, number 1.
 Ahmed, H. (2006), “Islamic Law, Adaptability, and Financial Development”, Islamic economic Studies 13, No.2.
 Albashir, Mohammad, Alamine, Muhammad (2008), “Sukuk market, innovations and challenges”. Islamic economic studies, Vol.15, No.2.
 Bratton, WW and Wachter, ML, (2013)” A theory of preferred stock”, 161(7) University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol.161.
 Brown, Catherine. (2003),” Beneficial Ownership and the Income Tax Act”, Canadian tax journal / revue fiscal canadienne, Vol. 51, No 1.
 Godlewski, C, Turk-Ariss, R, & Weill, L. (2013),” Sukuk vs. conventional bonds: A stock market perspective”. Journal of Comparative Economics, No.41.
 Hamoudi, H.A. (2010), “The Death of Islamic Law”, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, No. 38.
 Hesse, Heiko, Jobst, Andreas, Sole, Juan. (2008),” Trends and challenges in Islamic finance”, Word economics, Vol.9, No.2.
 Hourani, Husam, Fahl, Rima (2001), “Securities Law in the United Arab Emirates”, Arab Law Quarterly 16, No.1.
 Humphreys, T, and Pinedo, A, (2010), “Is it a Bird? A plane? Exploring contingent capital” , Journal of international banking and financial law.
 Ibrahim, Y. and SobriMinai, M. (2009), “Islamic bonds and the wealth effects: evidence from Malaysia”. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, Volume 6, Issue 1.
 Jhordy Kashoogie, Nazar (2011), “Regulatory and Financial Implication of Sukuk’s Legal Challenges for Sustainable Sukuk Development in Islamic Capital Market”. 8th international conference on Islamic economics and finance, center for Islamic economics and finance, Qatar faculty of Islamic studies, Qatar foundation, Journal of Investment Management and Financial Innovations.
 Khan, Tariqullah, Elsiefy, Elsayed, EunKyoung, Lee (2014), “Legal and Regulatory Issues in Issuing Sukuk in Muslim-minority countries, Lessons from Developed Countries Experience”. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, Vol. II, Issue 7.
 Khnifer, Mohammad. (2012), “When sukuk default-asset priority of certificate-holders vis a vis creditors”. University of Reading ICMA Centre, Opalesque Islamic finance intelligence, No.11.
 Luder, S. (2005), “Hybrid financing”, 810 tax Journal.
 Pinedo, A. (2007), “Degree of difficulty, 9, style points, 5, Journal of international banking and financial law.
 Pinedo, A. (2008), “Exceptionally intelligent design, Journal of international banking and financial law.
 Reed, R. (2014), “the application of Islamic finance principles under English and DIFC law, journal of international banking and financial law.
 Shams UdDin. (2016), “Conceptual and structural differences between Bonds and Sukuk”. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, New South Wales Research Centre Australia (NSWRCA), Vol.05 No.05.
گزارش‌ها
 IIFM(International Islamic Financial Market),(2012),Sukuk Report 1st Edition; A comprehensive study of the Global Sukuk Market,
 IIFM, (2013),Sukuk Report 2st Edition; A comprehensive study of the Global Sukuk Market,
 IIFM, (2014),Sukuk Report 3st Edition; A comprehensive study of the Global Sukuk Market,
 IIFM, (2016),Sukuk Report 5st Edition; A comprehensive study of the Global Sukuk Market,
 IIFM, (2018),Sukuk Report 7st Edition; A comprehensive study of the Global Sukuk Market,
 International Shari’ah Research Academy for Islamic Finance (ISRA), (2011), Islamic Financial System; Principles & operations.
 Malaysia International Islamic Financial Centre (MIFC), (2014), Global Sukuk Begins with momentum.
 RAM Rating Services Berhad (2013), Sukuk Focus.
 Securities Commission Malaysia (SCM), (2009),” Sukuk”, Malaysia: Sweet & Maxwell Asia.
پرونده
 Halpern v Halpern, 2007.
 Shamil bank of Bahrain EC v Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2004.
 The investment dar company KSCC v Blom development bank sal, 2009.
پایگاه‌های اینترنتی
 Abdullah, Abdul Karim.,Asset-backed vs asset-based sukuk, Economic Finance, Zakat &Awqaf (2012),available at: http://www.iais.org.my/e/index.php/component/k2/item/105-asset-backed-vs-asset-based-sukuk,(last visited on 11/03/2017)
 IIFM Newsletter, Issue 1 (March 2017), available at: www.iifm.net/.../en/IIFM%20Newsletter%2C%20March%202017%20Issue%201.pdf, (last visited on 11/03/2017)
 Naveed, Mohammad, sukuk taxation legal structures, available at: https://www.Sukuk.com/article/Sukuk-taxation-legal-structures-2332/#sthash.F8waPFyg.dpuf,(last visited on 11/03/2017)
 Www.asx.com.au/documents/products/Understanding_Hybrid_Securities.pdf, (last visited on 11/03/2017)