مصونیت کیفری مقامات رسمی نزد محاکم خارجی در طرح کمیسیون حقوق بین الملل

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده حقوق،الهیات و علوم سیاسی،واحد علوم و تحقیقات،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی

2 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی,تهران,ایران

چکیده

هرچند مصونیت کیفری مقامات رسمی نزد محاکم بین‌المللی محل تردید نبوده و اسناد مؤسس و رویۀ این محاکم بر عدم مصونیت سران و مقامات دولت‌ها صحه‌‌ می‌گذارند، اما استناد به مصونیت این مقامات نزد محاکم داخلی کشورها همواره محل بحث بوده است و لزوم محاکمۀ مرتکبین جنایات بین‌المللی، صرف‌نظر از مقام و جایگاه‌‌ آن‌ها و همچنین لزوم اجرای عدالت کیفری و مبارزه با بی‌کیفرمانی درخصوص همۀ متهمان، بر مباحثات علمی در این خصوص افزوده است. محاکم داخلی برخی کشورها نیز ضمن پذیرش این استدلال‌ها، محاکمۀ مقامات رسمی سایر کشورها را شروع نموده‌اند و همین امر لزوم تبیین جنبه‌‌‌‌های مختلف موضوع را در پرتو تحولات نوین حقوق بین‌الملل آشکار‌‌ می‌نماید. کمیسیون حقوق بین‌الملل سازمان ملل متحد نیز در راستای وظیفۀ خود در خصوص تدوین و توسعۀ حقوق بین‌الملل، بر آن شد که موضوع مصونیت کیفری مقامات رسمی نزد محاکم داخلی کشورها را در دستور کار قرار دهد. تاکنون شش مادۀ اولیه طرح به تصویب مقدماتی کمیسیون رسیده و مادۀ هفت نیز با عنوان استثنائات این نوع از مصونیت در حال بررسی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Books and Articles:
- - Akande, Dapo and Shah, Sangeeta, 2010,Immunities of State Officials, International Crimes, and Foreign Domestic Courts, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 21 No. 4,
- Brohmer, Jurgen, 1997,State Immunity & the Violation of Human Rights, Martinus Nijhoff publishers..
- Cassese, Antonio, 2002, “When May Senior State Officials Be Tried for International Crimes? Some Comments on the Congo v. Belgium Case.” European Journal of International Law, 13,no. 4
- Akande,Dapo, 2004,International Law, Immunities and the International Criminal Court, American Journal of Internationsl Law, vol. 98,
- Douglas ,Z, 2012, ‘State Immunity for the Acts of State Officials, British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 82
- Tomonori, F 2001,The Individual as Beneficiary of State Immunity: Problems of the Attribution of Ultra Vires Conduct’, 29 Denver J Int’l L and Policy.
- Gaeta, Paola , 2002 ,“Official Capacity and Immunities.” In: The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, Edited by Antonio Cassese, Paola Gaeta, Oxford University Press.
- Harris, DJ, 1991, “Cases and Materials on International Law, Sweet & Maxwell.
- Fox ,Hazel,2008, The Law of State Immunity, (2nd edn) Oxford.
- Krieger, Heike,2014, Between Evolution and Stagnation: Immunities in a Globalized World, Goettingen Journal of International Law, vol. 6 .
- Brownlie,Ian,1998, Principles of Public International Law, fifth edition, Oxford.
- Mazzeschi, Riccardo Pisillo,2015, The functional immunity of State officials from foreign jurisdiction: A critique of the traditional theories, QIL 17 .
- Pedretti, Ramona,2015, Immunity of Heads of State and State Officials for International Crimes, Brill Nijhoff.
- Yang, Xiaodong,2012, State Immunity in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
- Zahar, Alexander, and Göran Sluiter,2008, International Criminal Law: A Critical Introduction, Oxford University Press.
Documents:
- Fifth report on the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction By Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur.
- Fourth report on the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction By Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur.
- General Assembly Resolution 62/66, 6 December 2007.
- International Law Commission, Statement of the Chairperson of the Drafting Committee, Mr. Aniruddha Rajput, “Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction,” 3 (July 20, 2017)
- Preliminary report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Roman Anatolevich Kolodkin, Special Rapporteur.
- Preliminary report on the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction By Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur.
- Second report on immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, by Roman Anatolevich Kolodkin, Special Rapporteur.
- Second report on the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction By Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur.
- Third report on the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction By Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur.
- United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (New York, 2 December 2004), Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 49 (A/59/49). vol. I, resolution 59/38, annex.
- Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,1961.
- Vienna Convention on Consular Relations,1963.
- Convention on Special Missions,1969.
- Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character,1975.
- Yearbook of International Law Commission, 1958, vol. I
- Yearbook of International Law Commission, 1972, vol. II
- Yearbook of International Law Commission, 1999, vol. II.
- Yearbook of International Law Commission, 2006, vol. II (Part Two).
- Yearbook of International Law Commission, 2007, vol. II (Part Two).
Cases:
- Case concerning certain criminal proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), I.C.J. Reports 2002.
- Case concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, (Djibouti v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008.
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